A 1% increase in Fox News viewership reduced compliance with stay-at-home orders by 8.9%: study

"Our team was interested in examining the broader consequences of cable viewership and the role that media outlets like Fox play in the enforcement of public health recommendations," Simonov said. "SafeGraph's COVID-19 Consortium data allowed us to answer this question by providing daily panel of census-block-level aggregate movements data, enabling our team to measure stay-at-home rates across the country."

The study measured differences between viewership of Fox News and CNN because they were widely watched, though MSNBC has higher ratings than the latter. The findings on CNN, which also aired statements downplaying the threat of the virus early in the pandemic, were "inconclusive" but researchers found a "statistically significant" link between Fox viewership in zip codes and non-compliance with state restrictions that were enacted in late March and early April.

"Our findings imply a persuasion rate of Fox News on non-compliance with stay-at-home behavior during the crisis of about 33.5% — 50% across our various social distancing metrics," the authors wrote, pointing to past studies that found that the network "may change viewers' beliefs in ways that diverge from those expressed by leading health experts."

The authors also note that since they could not test how Fox News affects viewers' behavior, it is also possible that Fox viewership is linked to a general distrust of government agencies, like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The study also could not differentiate between shows viewers watched on the network. While hosts like Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham sought to downplay the pandemic early in the outbreak, others like Tucker Carlson issued stark warnings to viewers, albeit in more nationalistic terms. The study notes that Ingraham in particular continued to cast doubt on the threat posed by the virus long after President Donald Trump urged people to stay home.

The network has disputed that it downplayed the virus. A Fox News spokesperson told Salon last month that analyses of the Hannity's coverage "ignore his… repeated, specific warnings and concerns from January 27-February 26 including an early interview with Dr. Fauci in January."

The network also instituted social distancing policies on in-studio shows like "Fox & Friends," "The Five," and "Outnumbered" as early as March and equipped hosts with equipment for home studios in response to the pandemic. The network's "news side" hosts have also criticized anti-lockdown protesters for not social distancing. The network's website has also coveredthe importance of social distancing. This week, hosts like Hannity and Brian Kilmeade also criticized partygoers at the Lake of the Ozarks for failing to comply with social distancing policies and not wearing masks.

"There's no mask-wearing here that I see," Hannity said. "I see no social distancing. But if they get the virus and they're in contact with older, more vulnerable Americans, that could be a disaster... If you can't social distance, please wear the mask for your mom, dad, grandma, grandpa. My humble advice."

But the new study dovetails with past research finding that the network may have played a role in viewers' attitudes on the virus, though there has not been similar research on coverage at the other networks. A study from the University of Chicago last month found that "greater viewership of 'Hannity' relative to 'Tucker Carlson Tonight' was strongly associated with a greater number of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the early stages of the pandemic." A poll conducted in late March found that Fox News viewers were far more likely to believe the threat of the virus was exaggerated. A Pew Research poll in April also found that Fox News viewers were more likely to believe misinformation about the origin of the virus and the timeline for when a vaccine would become available.