A Culture of Atrocity: U.S. Troops Feel the Effect of Prolonged Combat

By Chris Hedges, Truthdig. Posted June 19, 2007.

All troops, when they occupy and battle insurgent forces, as in Iraq, or Gaza or Vietnam, are swiftly placed in what the psychiatrist Robert Jay Lifton terms "atrocity-producing situations." In this environment, surrounded by a hostile population, simple acts such as going to a store to buy a can of Coke or driving down a street means you can be killed. 

This constant fear and stress leads troops to view everyone around them as the enemy.  The hostility is compounded when the enemy, as in Iraq, is elusive, shadowy and hard to find.  The rage that soldiers feel after a roadside bomb explodes, killing or maiming their comrades, is one that is easily directed over time to innocent civilians who are seen as supporting the insurgents.  It is a short psychological leap, but a massive moral one.  It is a leap from killing—the shooting of someone who has the capacity to do you harm—to murder—the deadly assault against someone who cannot harm you.  The war in Iraq is now primarily about murder.  There is very little killing. American Marines and soldiers have become, after four years of war, acclimated to atrocity. 

The American killing project is not described in these terms to the distant public.  The politicians still speak in the abstract of glory, honor and heroism, of the necessity of improving the world, in lofty phrases of political and spiritual renewal.  The press, as in most wars, is slavishly compliant.  The reality of the war—the fact that the occupation forces have become, along with the rampaging militias, a source of terror to most Iraqis—is not transmitted to the American public.  The press chronicles the physical and emotional wounds visited on those who kill in our name.  The Iraqis, those we kill, are largely nameless, faceless dead.  Those who kill large numbers of people always claim it as a regrettable but necessary virtue. 

The reality and the mythic narrative of war collide when embittered combat veterans return home.  They find themselves estranged from the world around them, a world that still believes in the myth of war and the virtues of the nation. 

Tina Susman in a June 12 article in the Los Angeles Times gave readers a rare glimpse into this side of the war.  She wrote about a 17-year-old Iraqi boy killed by the wild, random fire unleashed by American soldiers in a Baghdad neighborhood following a bomb blast.  These killings, which Iraqis say occur daily, are seldom confirmed, but in this case the boy was the son of a local Los Angeles Times employee.

Iraqi physicians, overseen by epidemiologists at Johns Hopkins University’s Bloomberg School of Public Health, published a study last year in the British medical journal The Lancet.  The study estimated that 655,000 more people than normal have died in Iraq since coalition forces invaded the country in March 2003.  This is more than 20 times the estimate of 30,000 civilian deaths that President Bush gave in a speech last December.

Of the total 655,000 estimated “excess deaths,” 601,000 resulted from violence.  The remaining deaths occurred from disease and other causes, according to the study.  This is about 500 additional violent deaths per day throughout the country.

Lt. Col. Andrew J. Bacevich, a Vietnam veteran who is a professor of international relations at Boston University, estimated last year that U.S. troops had killed “tens of thousands” of innocent Iraqis through accidents or reckless fire. 

Official figures have ceased to exist.  The Iraqi government no longer releases the number of civilian casualties and the U.S. military does not usually give reports about civilians killed or wounded by U.S. forces.

“It’s a psychological thing. When one U.S. soldier gets killed or injured, they shoot in vengeance,” Alaa Safi told the Los Angeles Times.  He said his brother, Ahmed, was killed April 4 when U.S. troops riddled the streets of their southwestern Baghdad neighborhood with bullets after a sniper attack.

War is the pornography of violence.  It has a dark beauty, filled with the monstrous and the grotesque.  The Bible calls it “the lust of the eye” and warns believers against it.  War allows us to engage in primal impulses we keep hidden in the deepest, most private interiors of our fantasy life.  It allows us to destroy not only things but human beings.  In that moment of wholesale destruction, we wield the power of the divine, the power to give or annihilate life.  Armed units become crazed by the frenzy of destruction.  All things, including human beings, become objects—objects to either gratify or destroy or both.  Almost no one is immune.  The contagion of the crowd sees to that.

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Chris Hedges is the former Middle East bureau chief for The New York Times and the author of "War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning."

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