How Wind Farms May Really Replace Coal Mining

The late John Flynn, an environmentalist raised in West Virginia's Big Coal River Valley, was a farsighted man. In 1995, Flynn met a Catholic sister fighting poverty there. They talked about the abuses that Massey Coal Company's operations had inflicted on the valley. There were the mining jobs denied to local people and an economy on its knees, people forced out of their homes to accommodate mining in hollows, and front porches blanketed by coal dust. Flynn wondered aloud about placing windmills on top of the mountains surrounding them to produce power. Why, he suggested, couldn't an array of windmills replace the giant coal mines that dominated the valley?

What Flynn didn't know was that in a few years Massey would begin the most draconian form of strip mining, known as mountaintop removal, which to date in Appalachia has been responsible for the destruction of more than 470 mountains and staggering damage to the environment and communities. Currently, mountaintop removal (MTR) operations stretch for 14 miles down one side of the river and about five miles on the other. Massey now has in its sights the last untouched major part of the valley, the huge Coal River Mountain. It plans to subject 10 square miles of it to mountaintop removal, blasting the top off to expose its coal, filling 18 hollows (local parlance for valleys) with the debris and burying six headwater streams. Most of Coal River Valley might be rendered uninhabitable.

On Coal River, mountaintop removal mining has meant living with daily blasting with thousands of pounds of explosives, some set off within a few hundred feet of homes; contamination of groundwater and Coal River; and damage to cemeteries and loss of access to them. People have to breathe in coal dust every day. When it rains hard, further flooding from mountains stripped of all cover is feared. Some families have lost their "home place" completely. Others have seen their property plummet in value. Young people can't find work, and many residents have left the area, causing school after school to close.

For years, residents have tried to fight off the four mining permits for Coal River Mountain, which could open the door to strip mining by early 2009. Meanwhile, the regional environmental group Appalachian Voices had been working with the firm Wind Logics to search for wind potential in southern West Virginia. They were surprised to find that despite their lack of elevation, the Appalachians could generate industrial-scale wind. They decided to do a more detailed look at the potential of two locales and discovered that on one, Coal River Mountain, strong winds blow.

This led a local community group, Coal River Mountain Watch (CRMW), a band of mining watchdogs, to forsake years of defensive tactics against Massey and take the offensive. In a bid to trump the company's plans, the group is working to substitute wind power on Coal River Mountain for strip-mined coal as an energy source. CRMW's campaign, Coal River Wind, is groundbreaking, the first of its kind in Appalachia's coalfields, and has been termed historic. In effect, some people on Coal River are seeking to make John Flynn's vision come true.

But with Coal River Mountain largely in the hands of three large land companies from which Massey leases the mine sites, CRMW has its work cut out for it. Undaunted, members are pursuing a strategy to shut down strip mining in favor of multiple economic uses of the area -- timber, hunting and fishing, local craft and furniture making, tourism, and temporarily, underground mining. They believe these could form the basis for sustainable economic development in the valley.

The Coal River Wind project is ambitious. Coal River Mountain Watch proposes to put 220 wind turbines, each 292 feet high, that combined could generate 440 megawatts, across miles of the mountain at a cost of upward of $1 billion. A study by WindLogics, Appalachian Voices and wind farm campaign coordinator Rory McIlmoil, 28, who has studied and analyzed wind energy for the past 16 months, found that a wind farm could produce enough power for 150,000 homes -- more than the entire surrounding county has -- and create at least 200 jobs for the two-year construction period and 40 to 50 permanent jobs to keep the turbines running. Underground mining, according to the study, would create at least another 200 direct mining jobs and potentially more if mountaintop removal were prevented, given the current demand for coal from central Appalachia.