Why the American Flag Inspires Superiority Not Patriotism

By Lee Drutman, Miller-McCune.com. Posted December 19, 2008.

Kemmelmeier is now in the process of writing up two other sets of studies on exposure to the American flag. In one group of experiments, he found that seeing the stars and stripes elicits stronger feelings of individualism and materialism and much less collectivist feeling. "It brings forth an idea of ‘I'm my own person; I am free here; I have the freedom to enjoy these inalienable rights,'” Kemmelmeier explained.

The other group of experiments (also in the process of being written up) is a lost letter study in which handwritten and stamped but undelivered letters were left on car windshield wipers, all with the same post office box. Half of the letters were addressed to a fictitious Muslim charity; half were addressed to a fictitious Christian charity. Among each group, half had an American flag on them, and half didn't.

The return rate for the letters without a flag was consistently between 50 and 60 percent, regardless of whether the charity was Christian or Muslim. But when the American flag was on the envelope, a remarkable 90 percent of the letters addressed to the Christian charity consistently came back to the post office, while only between 30 and 40 percent of the Muslim charity letters were returned.

"As soon as there was a flag sticker, that changed the meaning completely,” Kemmelmeier explained. "Adding the flag shapes how you should interpret what religion somebody is.”

But while Kemmelmeier's studies point to a somewhat unsettling take on what Americans take away from seeing the flag, another set of studies offers a more positive perspective, suggesting that the presence of Old Glory primes egalitarian concepts and also may make Americans less hostile to Arabs and Muslims.

David A. Butz (formerly a graduate student at Florida State University and now a postdoc at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst), E. Ashby Plant (a professor of psychology at FSU) and Celeste E. Doerr (a psychology graduate student at FSU) recently administered word identification tests to undergraduates to measure how long it took them to discriminate between real and nonsense words that came up on a computer screen.

Participants who saw a flag before the test more quickly identified words associated with egalitarianism than those who didn't. Exposure to the flag also elicited more favorable attitudes toward Muslims and less nationalism in a survey. The findings were reported in 2007 in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.

"What we show is that the flag is associated with egalitarian concepts,” Butz said. "This is true for both high- and low-nationalism people. It's not moderated by political party. What it means is that through socialization experiences, we gain these egalitarian concepts with the flag.”

However, Butz speculated that "perhaps this is a surface meaning.” He was actually a little surprised by the egalitarianism-priming findings, given other research suggesting that exposure to the American flag increases nationalism and the hierarchical, anti-egalitarian feelings that come with that.

"The flag has a complex range of associations,” he said. "Symbols like the flag can be multireferential. They can mean different things to different people. It shows how tricky it is to study the symbols.”

See more stories tagged with: patriotism, nationalism, flag, american flag

Lee Drutman is a Ph.D. candidate in political science at the University of California, Berkeley. He has worked as a staff writer for the Philadelphia Inquirer and the Providence Journal. His work has also appeared in the Los Angeles Times, New York Newsday, and the American Prospect Online.

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